Cos’è l’artrite, tutti i tipi ed i sintomi

L’artrite è una malattia piuttosto comune che provoca dolore dovuto ad infiammazione. Esistono oltre 100 tipi di artrite che colpiscono in maniera diversa ed ad ogni età, anche i bambini: pensiamo ad esempio all’artrite reumatoide e all’osteoatrite o osteoartrosi che sono le forme più comuni. Vediamo nel dettaglio altre tipologie cercando di conoscerne meglio anche i sintomi.

artrite tipi sintomi

Tipi di artrite

Artrosi

L’osteoartrosi ( o artrosi o osteoartrite) si sviluppa in genre nelle persone con più di 50 anni, ma può verificarsi a qualsiasi età a seguito di una lesione o ad altre condizioni di salute correlate. Colpisce inizialmente il rivestimento liscio della cartilagine dell’articolazione. Questo rende più difficile il movimento, causando dolore e rigidità. L’articolazione ed i tessuti circostanti e sottostanti vanno sotto sforzo e possono portare a gonfiore e alla formazione di speroni ossei, chiamati osteofiti. Di fatto, con l’artrosi la cartilagine delle articolazioni si degrada, consuma, c’è una degenerazione. Accade più frequentemente alle mani , colonna vertebrale, ginocchia e fianchi.

 

Artrite reumatoide

Si manifesta in genere tra i 40 e i 50 anni, maggiormente nelle donne (in un rapporto 3 a 1). Si distingue dall’artrosi per vari motivi: è innanzitutto una malattia autoimmune (l’artrosi non lo è): gli anticorpi si rivolgono erroneamente contro le articolazioni dando origine a dolore e gonfiore. Viene colpito in prima battuta il rivestimento esterno (sinovia) del giunto: da qui poi si diffonde fino all’osso e alla cartilagine che possono essere distrutti e comportare ulteriore dolore e disabilità. Le persone con artrite reumatoide possono sviluppare problemi con altri tessuti e organi nel corpo. Ovvero chi ha una malattia autoimmune purtroppo può averne anche una seconda.

 

Altri tipi di artrite e malattie correlate

 

Spondilite anchilosante

E’ una condizione infiammatoria a lungo termine che colpisce soprattutto le ossa, i muscoli e i legamenti della colonna vertebrale, portando a rigidità. Altri problemi possono includere il gonfiore dei tendini, degli occhi e delle grandi articolazioni.

Spondilosi cervicale o artrosi degenerativa o spondilite cervicale

Colpisce le articolazioni e le ossa del collo, portando a dolore e rigidità.

Fibromialgia

Provoca dolore nel corpo muscoli, legamenti e tendini.

Lupus

E’ una malattia autoimmune che può colpire diversi organi e molti tessuti del corpo. Può comportare sintomi molto diversi quale stanchezza estrema, eruzioni cutanee (in particolare su viso, mani e posi) oltre che dolore e gonfiore alle articolazioni.


Gotta

E’un tipo di artrite causata da un eccesso di acido urico nel corpo. Questo si accumula nelle articolazioni (di solito colpisce l’alluce), ma può svilupparsi in qualsiasi altro punto del corpo. Provoca dolore intenso e gonfiore.

Artrite psoriasica

E’ una malattia infiammatoria che può colpire le persone affette da psoriasi. Anche questa comporta dolore articolare.

Artrite Enteropatica

E’ una forma cronica di artrite infiammatoria associata a malattia infiammatoria intestinale (IBD), i cui due tipi più noti sono la colite ulcerosa ed il morbo di Crohn. Le zone più comuni colpite da infiammazione -e dunque dolore- sono le articolazioni periferiche (arti) e la colonna vertebrale.

Artrite reattiva

Causa l’infiammazione delle articolazioni, degli occhi e dell’uretra. Si sviluppa poco dopo un’infezione intestinale, del tratto genitale o, meno frequentemente, dopo una infezione alla gola.

Artrite secondaria

E’ un tipo di artrite che può svilupparsi in seguito a malattie comuni, magari dopo tantissimi anni.

Polimialgia reumatica

Colpisce in genere le persone con oltre 50 anni di età, in cui il sistema immunitario provoca dolori muscolari, rigidità e infiammazione delle articolazioni.

 

 

Per maggiori approfondimenti leggete anche:

Che cos’è l’artrite psoriasica

Artrite reumatoide e dieta

Sintomi artrite reumatoide

 

 

Foto: Thinkstock

Fonte: NHS.uk

 

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