Dolore al collo, tutte le cause

Il dolore al collo, cronico o passeggero che sia può avere diverse cause che è importante individuare prima di intraprendere qualunque forma di terapia. Il collo -o rachide cervicale – infatti è una complessa rete di nervi, ossa, articolazioni e muscoli collegati alla testa, al cervello, al midollo spinale: un qualunque lieve danno a questi può dare diverse forme di dolore al collo. Il più delle volte il sintomo scompare da solo in pochi giorni o settimane, ma in altri casi può perdurare e diventare cronico. Soprattutto in questo caso, non va trascurata una diagnosi di base, perché potrebbe nascondere una patologia di base da curare. E questa cura potrebbe anche far scomparire il dolore. Vediamo insieme tutte le possibili cause di dolore al collo.

dolore collo cause

Cause comuni di dolore al collo

La maggior parte delle volte il dolore al collo è dovuto a stiramenti, infiammazioni o distorsioni muscolo tendinee che si verificano di solito nei seguenti casi:

  • Dormire in posizione errata
  • Fare un movimento brusco
  • Infortunio sportivo
  • Cattiva postura
  • Movimenti ripetitivi
  • Mantenere per lungo tempo la testa in posizione insolita (può capitare dormendo, ma non solo)
  • Colpo di frusta
  • Problemi alla colonna vertebrale cervicale che incidono sulla muscolatura

 

Cause di dolore cronico al collo

Quando il dolore al collo dura più di tre mesi si parla di malattia cronica. Le cause più comuni riguardano problemi alla colonna vertebrale, di una vertebra o di un disco nello specifico, come nei seguenti casi:

  • Malattia degenerativa del disco cervicale( come l’artrosi): comporta una minore capacità di ammortizzare i movimenti delle vertebre e quindi innescare dolore al collo toccando i nervi, schiacciandoli come nel caso di un’ernia del disco, oppure dar vita ad infiammazione (artrite).
  • Ernia del disco cervicale
  • Artrosi cervicale (o spondilosi cervicale)
  • Stenosi spinale cervicale con mielopatia  (quando la degenerazione della colonna vertebrale porta ad un restringimento del canale spinale, ad esempio per un’ernia o uno sperone osseo che crescono nel canale midollare)
  • Stenosi foraminale cervicale

 

Altre cause di dolore al collo, più rare

Anche se non di frequente, altre cause possono provocare dolore al collo acuto o cronico. Tra queste troviamo:

  • Stress emotivo (può provocare contrattura dei muscoli, anche del collo e dar vita a dolore)
  • Infezione (e conseguente infiammazione): un esempio la meningite
  • Dolore miofasciale: è una condizione cronica che ha più punti di innesco, collo compreso
  • Fibromialgia
  • Tumore spinale (si può sviluppare lungo la colonna e può arrivare a comprimere un nervo provocando dolore)
  • Spondilolistesi (quando una vertebra scivola sopra quella sottostante a causa di una piccola frattura nella vertebra, di degenerazione del disco o lassità del legamento
  • Spondilite anchilosante

 

Fattori di rischio

Lavorare molte ore in una posizione non corretta o che sforza particolarmente i muscoli e le articolazioni della cervicale rappresenta un fattore di rischio comune. Alcuni studi scientifici comunque suggeriscono anche come l’inattività e la cattiva qualità del sonno possono indurre dolore al collo, così come il fumo di sigaretta (insospettabile!).

 

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Foto: Thinkstock

Fonte: Spin Health. com

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